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It can also affect other parts of the body, including the joints, lungs, kidneys, nervous system, and blood cells.",[68,74,78,82],{"key":69,"title":70,"html":71,"icon":72,"updatedAt":73},"","Overview","\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Sjögren’s disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">The tear and salivary glands are most commonly affected, making dry eyes and dry mouth the classic symptoms. However, Sjögren’s disease is a systemic condition and can also cause fatigue, joint pain, skin symptoms, or involvement of the lungs, kidneys, nervous system, and blood.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">It may occur on its own or together with other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","⚕️","2026-10-08",{"key":69,"title":75,"html":76,"icon":77,"updatedAt":73},"Signs and Symptoms","\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Common symptoms include:\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul class=\" list-paddingleft-2\" style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Dry, gritty, burning, or light-sensitive eyes\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Dry mouth and frequent thirst\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Difficulty swallowing dry foods without drinking water\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Increased dental cavities or oral infections\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Recurrent swelling of the salivary glands\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Fatigue\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Joint or muscle pain\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Dry skin or purpuric skin rashes\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Some patients develop systemic disease. Lung involvement may cause persistent dry cough or shortness of breath and can include interstitial lung disease. Kidney involvement may lead to renal tubular acidosis and low potassium levels. Neurologic involvement can cause numbness, tingling, sensory changes, or weakness. Blood abnormalities such as anemia or low white blood cell or platelet counts may also occur.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","📋",{"key":69,"title":79,"html":80,"icon":81,"updatedAt":73},"Diagnosis","\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Dry eyes and dry mouth do not automatically mean that a person has Sjögren’s disease. Medications, aging, diabetes, thyroid disease, other autoimmune conditions, and some infections can cause similar symptoms.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Evaluation may include:\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul class=\" list-paddingleft-2\" style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Autoantibody testing, especially anti-SSA\u002FRo\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Schirmer testing to measure tear production\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Ocular surface staining\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Measurement of unstimulated salivary flow\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Minor salivary gland biopsy when needed\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">The widely used 2016 ACR\u002FEULAR classification criteria are based on five objective measures: anti-SSA\u002FRo positivity, minor salivary gland biopsy findings, ocular staining, Schirmer testing, and unstimulated salivary flow.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Classification criteria support standardized assessment but do not replace clinical judgment by an experienced rheumatologist.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","🩺",{"key":69,"title":83,"html":84,"icon":85,"updatedAt":73},"Treatment","\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0px; text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Treatment depends on the patient’s symptoms and whether there is systemic organ involvement.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0px; text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0px; text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">For patients whose main problems are dry eyes and dry mouth, treatment focuses on symptom relief and long-term protection of the eyes and oral health.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0px; text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0px; text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Dry eyes may be treated with artificial tears, lubricating eye products, and, in selected patients, anti-inflammatory eye drops under ophthalmologic supervision.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0px; text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0px; text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Dry mouth can be managed with frequent sips of water, sugar-free gum or other measures that stimulate saliva, along with careful dental hygiene, fluoride toothpaste, and regular dental care.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0px; text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0px; text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">If the disease affects the joints, skin, lungs, kidneys, nervous system, or blood, systemic treatment may be needed. Depending on the organ involved and disease activity, options can include corticosteroids, conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, biologic therapies, or other immunomodulatory treatments.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0px; text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0px; text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">EULAR recommends tailoring topical and systemic treatment to the type and severity of disease involvement rather than using one treatment approach for every patient.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","💊",{"author":69,"reviewedBy":69,"lastReviewed":69,"datePublished":69,"citations":87,"disclaimer":69},[],false,1792294354244]