[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":93},["ShallowReactive",2],{"media-slots-en":3,"wiki-item-en-myelodysplastic-syndrome":61},{"about.hero":4,"about.video":6,"about.video-cover":8,"charity.hero":10,"contact.hero":12,"evidence.hero":14,"footer.qr-blood":16,"footer.qr-mini":18,"footer.qr-official":20,"footer.qr-solid":22,"guide.hero":24,"home.hero":26,"home.news-featured":28,"home.story-featured":30,"news.hero":32,"news.lead":34,"news.thumb":36,"stories.cover":41,"stories.hero":48,"stories.lead":50,"wiki.cat":52,"wiki.detail-hero":57,"wiki.hero":59},[5],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fstatic\u002Fpc_banner\u002F%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%8D%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C_en.jpg?x-oss-process=image\u002Fresize,limit_1,w_1600\u002Fquality,q_80\u002Fformat,webp",[7],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fstatic\u002Fabout\u002F%E9%A3%9E%E4%B9%A620260729-233252_compressed.mp4",[9],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fstatic\u002Fabout\u002F%E9%A3%9E%E4%B9%A620260729-233252_frame1.jpg?x-oss-process=image\u002Fresize,limit_1,w_1600\u002Fquality,q_80\u002Fformat,webp",[11],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fstatic\u002Fpc_banner\u002F%E5%85%AC%E7%9B%8A%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5_en.jpg?x-oss-process=image\u002Fresize,limit_1,w_1600\u002Fquality,q_80\u002Fformat,webp",[13],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fbytx-pc-uploads\u002F2026\u002F08\u002Fbde8f2354d29ffca7dcfe395ef4711b2.jpg?x-oss-process=image\u002Fresize,limit_1,w_1600\u002Fquality,q_80\u002Fformat,webp",[15],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.yyhmedical.com\u002Fimages\u002Fevidence\u002Fhero.jpg",[17],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fstatic\u002Fabout\u002Fqr-blood.png?x-oss-process=image\u002Fresize,limit_1,w_1600\u002Fquality,q_80\u002Fformat,webp",[19],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fstatic\u002Fabout\u002Fqr-mini.png?x-oss-process=image\u002Fresize,limit_1,w_1600\u002Fquality,q_80\u002Fformat,webp",[21],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fstatic\u002Fabout\u002Fqr-official.png?x-oss-process=image\u002Fresize,limit_1,w_1600\u002Fquality,q_80\u002Fformat,webp",[23],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fstatic\u002Fabout\u002Fqr-solid.png?x-oss-process=image\u002Fresize,limit_1,w_1600\u002Fquality,q_80\u002Fformat,webp",[25],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fstatic\u002Fpc_banner\u002F%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%BA%93_en.jpg?x-oss-process=image\u002Fresize,limit_1,w_1600\u002Fquality,q_80\u002Fformat,webp",[27],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fstatic\u002Fpc_banner\u002F%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5_en.jpg?x-oss-process=image\u002Fresize,limit_1,w_1600\u002Fquality,q_80\u002Fformat,webp",[29],"\u002Fimages\u002Fhome\u002Fnews-featured.jpg",[31],"\u002Fimages\u002Fhome\u002Fstory-featured.jpg",[33],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fstatic\u002Fpc_banner\u002F%E6%82%A3%E5%8F%8B%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8_en.jpg?x-oss-process=image\u002Fresize,limit_1,w_1600\u002Fquality,q_80\u002Fformat,webp",[35],"\u002Fimages\u002Fnews\u002Flead.jpg",[37,38,39,40],"\u002Fimages\u002Fnews\u002Fn1.jpg","\u002Fimages\u002Fnews\u002Fn2.jpg","\u002Fimages\u002Fnews\u002Fn3.jpg","\u002Fimages\u002Fnews\u002Fn4.jpg",[42,43,44,45,46,47],"\u002Fimages\u002Fstories\u002Fs1.jpg","\u002Fimages\u002Fstories\u002Fs2.jpg","\u002Fimages\u002Fstories\u002Fs3.jpg","\u002Fimages\u002Fstories\u002Fs4.jpg","\u002Fimages\u002Fstories\u002Fs5.jpg","\u002Fimages\u002Fstories\u002Fs6.jpg",[49],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fstatic\u002Fpc_banner\u002F%E6%82%A3%E8%80%85%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B_en.jpg?x-oss-process=image\u002Fresize,limit_1,w_1600\u002Fquality,q_80\u002Fformat,webp",[51],"\u002Fimages\u002Fstories\u002Flead.jpg",[53,54,55,56],"\u002Fimages\u002Fwiki\u002Fcat-1.jpg","\u002Fimages\u002Fwiki\u002Fcat-2.jpg","\u002Fimages\u002Fwiki\u002Fcat-3.jpg","\u002Fimages\u002Fwiki\u002Fcat-4.jpg",[58],"\u002Fimages\u002Fwiki\u002Fdetail-hero.jpg",[60],"https:\u002F\u002Fgaobo-byh-h5.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\u002Fstatic\u002Fpc_banner\u002F%E6%8A%97%E7%99%8C%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91_en.jpg?x-oss-process=image\u002Fresize,limit_1,w_1600\u002Fquality,q_80\u002Fformat,webp",{"slug":62,"category":63,"categoryName":64,"title":65,"summary":66,"toc":67,"ymyl":90,"hasAlternate":92,"updatedAt":73},"myelodysplastic-syndrome","blood","Hematologic Diseases","Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)","Myelodysplastic syndromes, also called myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS), are a group of myeloid cancers that arise from blood-forming stem cells. They are characterized by abnormal blood cell production and low levels of one or more types of blood cells.",[68,74,78,82,86],{"key":69,"title":70,"html":71,"icon":72,"updatedAt":73},"","Overview","\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Myelodysplastic syndromes, also known as \u003Cstrong>myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS)\u003C\u002Fstrong>, are a group of myeloid cancers that arise from blood-forming stem cells.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Normally, stem cells in the bone marrow mature into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. In MDS, abnormal stem cells do not develop normally, leading to \u003Cstrong>ineffective blood cell production\u003C\u002Fstrong> and low levels of one or more types of blood cells.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">As a result, patients may develop anemia, an increased risk of infection, or problems with bruising and bleeding.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">MDS is not a single disease. Its biological features and clinical course can vary considerably. Some patients have lower-risk disease that remains stable for years, while others have higher-risk disease that may progress more quickly and can develop into acute myeloid leukemia (AML).\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","⚕️","2026-10-09",{"key":69,"title":75,"html":76,"icon":77,"updatedAt":73},"Causes and Risk Factors","\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">MDS develops through \u003Cstrong>chromosomal, genetic, and other molecular changes\u003C\u002Fstrong> in blood-forming stem cells. These changes interfere with normal blood cell development and allow abnormal cell clones to gradually build up in the bone marrow.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">In many patients, no specific cause can be identified. \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Factors that may be associated with MDS include:\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul class=\" list-paddingleft-2\" style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Previous treatment with certain types of chemotherapy or radiation therapy\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Significant or long-term exposure to harmful chemicals such as benzene\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Older age\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">In a small number of patients, inherited genetic conditions that increase the risk of myeloid cancers\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Myeloid cancers that develop after certain chemotherapy or radiation treatments are evaluated in the context of the previous treatment and the biological features of the disease.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Having a risk factor does not mean that someone will develop MDS, and many people diagnosed with MDS have no identifiable cause.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","🧬",{"key":69,"title":79,"html":80,"icon":81,"updatedAt":73},"Signs and Symptoms","\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">MDS may cause no noticeable symptoms in its early stages. Some people are diagnosed after routine blood tests show low blood cell counts.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Symptoms depend largely on which types of blood cells are affected and how low the counts become.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Low Red Blood Cell Counts\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Anemia is one of the most common features of MDS and may cause: \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Ongoing fatigue or weakness, \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Pale skin, \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Shortness of breath, \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Heart palpitations, \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Dizziness.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Low White Blood Cell Counts\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">A low level of infection-fighting neutrophils may lead to: \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">An increased risk of infection, \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Recurrent infections, \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Fever or other signs of infection.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Low Platelet Counts\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">A low platelet count may cause: \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Easy bruising, \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Nosebleeds or bleeding gums, \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Tiny red or purple spots under the skin, \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Prolonged bleeding from cuts or injuries.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","📋",{"key":69,"title":83,"html":84,"icon":85,"updatedAt":73},"Diagnosis","\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Low blood cell counts alone are not enough to diagnose MDS. Anemia, low white blood cell counts, and low platelet counts can also be caused by infections, nutritional deficiencies, medications, immune disorders, and other blood conditions.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Diagnosis of MDS usually involves a combination of \u003Cstrong>blood tests, bone marrow evaluation, chromosomal testing, and molecular genetic testing\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">These tests help confirm the diagnosis, determine the type and risk of MDS, and guide treatment decisions.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Blood Tests\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">A complete blood count (CBC) measures red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, and other blood cell parameters.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">A peripheral blood smear allows blood cells to be examined for abnormalities in size, shape, and maturity and can show whether abnormal or immature cells are present.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Additional tests may be performed to rule out vitamin B12 or folate deficiency and other conditions that can cause low blood cell counts.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Bone Marrow Tests\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are important tests for diagnosing MDS.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Bone marrow fluid and tissue are usually collected from the pelvic bone and examined to evaluate the number, appearance, and maturity of blood-forming cells, including the percentage of blast cells.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">These findings help confirm and classify MDS and assess the risk of disease progression.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Cytogenetic Testing\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Abnormal blood-forming cells in MDS may have changes in the number or structure of chromosomes.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Karyotyping, FISH, and related tests can identify chromosomal abnormalities that may be important for diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment decisions, such as \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cstrong style=\"font-size: 15px;\">deletion of part of chromosome 5 [del(5q)].\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cstrong style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Genetic and Molecular Testing\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Genetic and molecular testing has become increasingly important for classifying MDS, assessing risk, and selecting treatment.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">MDS may involve changes in genes such as \u003Cstrong>SF3B1 and TP53\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Some genetic abnormalities are now incorporated into modern disease classification and may influence risk assessment and treatment decisions.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cstrong style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cstrong style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Risk Assessment\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Unlike many cancers that are described mainly as “early” or “advanced,” MDS is often evaluated using \u003Cstrong>risk categories\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Healthcare teams consider factors such as the percentage of blasts in the bone marrow, the severity of low blood cell counts, chromosomal abnormalities, and gene mutations to estimate the risk of disease progression and transformation to AML.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Risk assessment systems include the IPSS-R and the newer IPSS-M, which incorporates additional molecular genetic information.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Risk level plays an important role in treatment planning. In general, treatment for \u003Cstrong>lower-risk MDS\u003C\u002Fstrong> focuses on improving blood cell counts, reducing transfusion needs, and maintaining quality of life, while treatment for \u003Cstrong>higher-risk MDS\u003C\u002Fstrong> focuses more on controlling the abnormal cell clone, delaying disease progression, and evaluating whether allogeneic stem cell transplantation may be appropriate.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","🩺",{"key":69,"title":87,"html":88,"icon":89,"updatedAt":73},"Treatment","\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Treatment for MDS depends on \u003Cstrong>disease risk, low blood cell counts, symptoms, chromosomal and genetic abnormalities, age, overall health, and individual treatment goals\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Treatment can vary considerably. Some people with lower-risk MDS may initially be monitored or receive supportive care, while others need treatment for anemia or other low blood cell counts. Patients with higher-risk disease may need more intensive disease-directed therapy and evaluation for allogeneic stem cell transplantation.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Active Monitoring\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Some patients with lower-risk MDS who have no significant symptoms and relatively stable blood cell counts may not need immediate disease-directed treatment.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Regular blood tests and clinical evaluations are used to monitor the disease. Treatment can be started if blood counts worsen, significant symptoms develop, or the risk profile changes.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cstrong style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cstrong style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Supportive Care\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cstrong style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Supportive care is an important part of MDS management and focuses on reducing symptoms and complications caused by low blood cell counts.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Depending on the individual situation, supportive care may include:\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cstrong style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul class=\" list-paddingleft-2\" style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cstrong style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Red blood cell transfusions\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> for symptomatic anemia\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cstrong style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Platelet transfusions\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> for selected patients with severe thrombocytopenia or significant bleeding risk\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cstrong style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Prevention and treatment of infections\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> in patients with severe neutropenia or active infection\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Some patients who receive frequent red blood cell transfusions over a long period may develop iron overload and may need additional evaluation or treatment.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Treatments for Anemia\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">For some patients with lower-risk MDS in whom anemia is the main concern, treatment may be selected based on factors such as serum erythropoietin levels, transfusion needs, and disease characteristics.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs)\u003C\u002Fstrong> can help some patients increase red blood cell production, improve anemia, and reduce the need for transfusions.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Other treatments for anemia are also available for selected types of MDS, depending on disease characteristics, previous treatment, and eligibility.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Treatment Based on Specific Disease Features\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">As MDS classification becomes more precise, treatment can sometimes be selected according to specific genetic or disease features.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">For example, \u003Cstrong>lenalidomide\u003C\u002Fstrong> may be considered for selected patients with lower-risk MDS and \u003Cstrong>del(5q)\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Other therapies may also be available for patients with particular molecular or clinical features. For this reason, chromosomal and molecular testing may directly influence treatment decisions as well as diagnosis.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Hypomethylating Agents\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Hypomethylating agen\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">ts such as \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cstrong style=\"font-size: 15px;\">azacitidine and decitabine\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> are important disease-directed treatments for MDS.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">They are commonly used for some patients with higher-risk MDS and may also be used in other situations where disease-directed treatment is needed.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">The goals may include controlling the abnormal blood-forming cell clone, improving blood counts, and delaying disease progression. Treatment decisions depend on disease risk, age, overall health, and whether stem cell transplantation is planned.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Immunosuppressive Therapy\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Immunosuppressive therapy may be considered for a small group of patients with particular clinical and bone marrow characteristics.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">This approach is not appropriate for everyone with MDS and is selected based on factors such as age, bone marrow features, disease risk, and other clinical characteristics.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an important treatment with curative potential for MDS.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">However, transplantation is not appropriate for every patient. For some patients with higher-risk disease or other indications for transplantation, the healthcare team considers age, overall health, disease risk, donor availability, previous treatments, and transplant-related risks to determine whether and when transplantation is appropriate.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Reduced-intensity conditioning may make transplantation possible for some older adults or patients who are not candidates for traditional high-intensity conditioning.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 7px;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>Clinical Trials\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Treatment for MDS continues to evolve. Clinical trials are studying new targeted therapies, treatment combinations, and approaches for different molecular subtypes of MDS.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"margin: 7px 0;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Patients with either lower-risk or higher-risk MDS can discuss available clinical trials with their healthcare team based on disease characteristics and previous treatments.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","💊",{"author":69,"reviewedBy":69,"lastReviewed":69,"datePublished":69,"citations":91,"disclaimer":69},[],false,1792294328234]