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style=\"font-size: 15px;\">多发性骨髓瘤是一种浆细胞肿瘤。浆细胞存在于骨髓（骨骼内的造血组织）中，其可以产生抗体，抗体在血液中循环，帮助身体抵抗感染。通常，浆细胞约占骨髓细胞的1%～2%。然而，发生多发性骨髓瘤时，异常浆细胞（又称骨髓瘤细胞）会增殖。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","⚕️","2026-08-03",{"key":90,"title":91,"html":92,"icon":93,"updatedAt":88},"cause","病因","\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">研究表明，某些危险因素会增加个体发生多发性骨髓瘤的概率。研究发现以下因素会升高多发性骨髓瘤的发病风险：\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·年龄＞65岁：大多数多发性骨髓瘤患者都在65岁以后得到诊断。该病在35岁以下的人群中极少见。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·非裔美国人：非裔美国人患多发性骨髓瘤的风险最高，亚裔美国人的发病风险最低。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·男性：在美国，每年大约有11200名男性和8700名女性被诊出多发性骨髓瘤。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·有意义未明的单克隆丙种球蛋白病（MGUS）个人史。MGUS是一种良性疾病，患者的异常浆细胞会产生骨髓瘤蛋白（M蛋白）。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>","🧬",{"key":95,"title":96,"html":97,"icon":98,"updatedAt":88},"symptom","症状表现","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">多发性骨髓瘤的症状因人而异，包括：\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·疲劳\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·背部、肋骨或其他部位的骨骼疼痛\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·嗜睡\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·意识模糊\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·便秘\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·食欲不振\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·烦渴和多尿\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·恶心\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>","📋",{"key":100,"title":101,"html":102,"icon":103,"updatedAt":88},"exam","检查方式","\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·血液和尿液检查\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">其中一项血液检查是检测血钙，确定是否存在由骨溶解导致的高血钙。另一项检查是检测单克隆蛋白（又称骨髓瘤蛋白或M蛋白）。这种蛋白如果在尿液中检出，称为本周蛋白；如果在血液中检出，则称为M蛋白或游离轻链。其他血液和尿液检查包括肾功能检测。有时，单克隆蛋白会沉积在肾脏，对肾脏造成损伤，阻止其滤过血液中的代谢废物。该病如果累及骨髓，则会引起白细胞计数、红细胞计数、血红蛋白（引起贫血）和血小板计数的下降。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·影像学检查\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">X线、磁共振成像（MRI）和正电子发射断层成像\u002F计算机断层成像（PET\u002FCT）等影像学检查可显示是否有骨破坏（溶骨性破坏）。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·骨髓检查\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">进行骨髓检查时，医生会取骨髓液和一块骨髓组织（活检）在显微镜下观察，查看是否存在骨髓瘤细胞，如果存在，还要明确其数量。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>","🩺",{"key":105,"title":106,"html":107,"icon":108,"updatedAt":88},"treatment","治疗方式","\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">某些患者所患多发性骨髓瘤稳定，这种类型称为“冒烟型骨髓瘤”。冒烟型多发性骨髓瘤处于疾病的早期阶段，不引起任何症状。例如，没有骨破坏。在这种情况下，医生可能会采取“观察等待疗法”，暂时不进行治疗，但密切监测症状的进展。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">如果多发性骨髓瘤不稳定，也就是说您出现了症状，这时就需要治疗。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">治疗可包括：\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·化疗\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">化疗是利用药物杀灭癌细胞。药物可包括片剂或静脉输注药物。在治疗过程中，医生会密切监测骨髓中的骨髓瘤细胞以及血液和尿液中的单克隆蛋白水平。医生会利用这些信息监测您的病情进展并对治疗进行必要的调整。如果这些指标降低，则意味着治疗有效。如果这些指标升高，意味着治疗无效和疾病进展。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·生物治疗\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">利用调节免疫系统的新药来治疗骨髓瘤。治疗过程中，医生会使用与化疗时相同的方法来监测治疗效果。生物治疗和化疗的区别在于大多数生物制剂可口服，而不需要静脉输注。生物治疗也可与化疗联合进行。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·放疗\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">放疗利用有穿透性的高能X线来治疗多发性骨髓瘤累及的特定部位骨骼。它仅用于治疗局部浆细胞聚集。局部浆细胞聚集可引起疼痛、严重的骨破坏或其他器官损伤。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·外周血干细胞移植\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">移植需要从您的血液中收集干细胞，并将其储存起来。之后，您会接受大剂量化疗或放疗，以尽可能杀灭癌细胞。随后，医生会将储存的干细胞回输到您的体内，以替代骨髓。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">可将干细胞视为“种子”，它能生成新的骨髓和血细胞。这些细胞可因此免受大剂量化疗的影响。并非所有患者都适合接受造血干细胞移植。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>","💊",{"author":110,"reviewedBy":110,"lastReviewed":110,"datePublished":110,"citations":111,"disclaimer":110},"",[112],{"title":113},"Mayo Clinic",false,1789384106729]