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style=\"font-size: 15px;\">骨髓增生异常综合征是一组血细胞发育不良或功能异常引起的疾病。骨髓增生异常综合征由骨骼中海绵状的造血组织（骨髓）出现异常引起。骨髓增生异常综合征治疗的重点通常是减轻或预防由疾病及其治疗引起的并发症。在一些情况下，治疗可能包括化疗或骨髓移植。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>","⚕️","2026-08-03",{"key":90,"title":91,"html":92,"icon":93,"updatedAt":88},"cause","病因","\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">健康人的骨髓能生成新鲜、不成熟的血细胞，并随时间而逐渐成熟。当这个过程受到一些因素的破坏，致使血细胞无法成熟时，会发生骨髓增生异常综合征。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">代替血细胞正常发育的是，血细胞在骨髓内死亡，或在刚进入血液循环后死亡。慢慢的，不成熟和有缺陷的细胞数量超过正常细胞数量，导致疲劳（贫血）、感染（白细胞减少）和出血（血小板减少）。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">一部分骨髓增生异常综合征的病因尚不明确。其他已知的病因包括接受癌症治疗，如化疗和放疗；或接触有毒的化学物质，如烟草、苯和农药；或接触重金属，如铅。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>","🧬",{"key":95,"title":96,"html":97,"icon":98,"updatedAt":88},"symptom","症状表现","\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">骨髓增生异常综合征极少在疾病早期引起症状或体征。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">渐渐地，骨髓增生异常综合征可引起：\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·疲劳\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·气短\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·由低红细胞计数（贫血）引起的面色异常苍白\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·由低血小板计数（血小板减少）引起的反复或异常的瘀青或出血。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·由出血引起的皮下针尖大小的红点（出血点）\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·由低白细胞计数（白细胞减少）引起的频繁感染\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>","📋",{"key":100,"title":101,"html":102,"icon":103,"updatedAt":88},"exam","检查方式","\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">如果医生怀疑您有骨髓增生异常综合征，会对您进行体格检查、病史询问和化验检查。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">这些检查可能包括：\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·血液检查：医生可能会做多项血液检查，以确定红细胞、白细胞和血小板的数量，并寻找各系血细胞有无大小、形状和外观方面的异常变化。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·骨髓穿刺检查：在进行骨髓穿刺和活检时，医生用一根细的穿刺针抽取少量骨髓液，通常从髂骨后部进针。接着取出一小段含有骨髓的骨组织（活检）。医生会在实验室中对这些标本进行检查来寻找异常。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>","🩺",{"key":105,"title":106,"html":107,"icon":108,"updatedAt":88},"treatment","治疗方式","\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">骨髓增生异常综合征的治疗通常以延缓疾病进展、控制症状（如疲劳）、预防出血和感染为目标。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">如果没有症状，医生会建议您通过定期检查和实验室检查来观察病情是否出现进展。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">有关骨髓增生异常综合征的研究一直在进行。请向医生咨询您可以参加哪些临床试验。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">输血：\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">输血可用于补充骨髓增生异常综合征患者的红细胞、白细胞或血小板。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">药物：\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">骨髓增生异常综合征的治疗包括有以下作用的药物：\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·增加血细胞生成数量。这类药物称为生长因子，是人工合成的骨髓中天然存在的物质。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">有些生长因子，如阿法依泊汀（Epogen，Procrit）或阿法达贝泊汀（Aranesp），通过增加红细胞数量达到减少输血的目的。另一些药物，如非格司亭（Neupogen，Zarxio），可以用于某些类型的骨髓增生异常综合征患者，通过提升白细胞数量来预防感染。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·促进血细胞成熟。阿扎胞苷（Vidaza）和地西他滨（Dacogen）等药物可以提高某些骨髓增生异常综合征患者的生活质量，降低发生急性髓系白血病的风险。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·抑制免疫功能。这类药物可用于某些类型的骨髓增生异常综合征，有可能减少对红细胞输注的需求。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·治疗特定的遗传学异常。如果您的骨髓增生异常综合征与某种基因突变相关，被称为单纯5号染色体长臂缺失[del（5q）]，医生可能推荐来那度胺（Relimid）治疗。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">·治疗感染。如果疾病导致感染，您将接受抗生素治疗。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">骨髓移植：\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">在骨髓移植（也称为干细胞移植）过程中，会用大剂量的化疗药物清除患者骨髓中有缺陷的血细胞。然后用健康供者的干细胞取代异常的骨髓干细胞（异基因移植）。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">与旧的方法相比，新方法在移植前会采用毒性更低的化疗。尽管如此，骨髓移植仍然有发生副作用的明显风险。因此，只有很少的骨髓增生异常综合征患者适合接受造血干细胞移植。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>","💊",{"author":110,"reviewedBy":110,"lastReviewed":110,"datePublished":110,"citations":111,"disclaimer":110},"",[112],{"title":113},"Mayo Clinic",false,1789384106687]