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外科学[M]. 第9版. 北京：人民卫生出版社, 2018.",{"title":110},"葛均波，徐永健，王辰. 内科学[M]. 第9版. 北京：人民卫生出版社, 2018.",{"title":112},"原发性肺癌诊疗规范（2018年版）. 肿瘤综合治疗电子杂志，2019，5(3)：100-120.",{"title":114},"Freddie, Bray, Jacques, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.[J]. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 2018, 68(6): 394-424.",{"title":116},"高冬青，王家林. 肺癌危险因素研究现状[J]. 中华肿瘤防治杂志，2019，26(21):1657-1661.",{"title":118},"中华医学会肿瘤学分会，中华医学会杂志社. 中华医学会肿瘤学分会肺癌临床诊疗指南（2021 版）[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志，2021, 43(6): 591-621.",false,"2026-08-03",{"slug":122,"category":78,"categoryName":79,"title":123,"summary":124,"toc":125,"ymyl":126,"hasAlternate":119,"updatedAt":120},"disease-liver-cancer","肝癌","肝癌通常说的是原发性肝癌，指的是发生于肝脏内的上皮来源的恶性肿瘤，通常在慢性肝病和肝硬化的情况下发生。",[],{"author":105,"reviewedBy":105,"lastReviewed":105,"datePublished":105,"citations":127,"disclaimer":105},[128,130,131,133,135],{"title":129},"葛均波，徐永健，王辰. 内科学[M]. 第 9 版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社，2018: 415-419.",{"title":129},{"title":132},"尤黎明，吴瑛. 内科护理学[M]. 第 6 版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社，2017: 328-334.",{"title":134},"原发性肝癌诊疗规范（2019年版）编写专家委员会. 原发性肝癌诊疗规范（2019年版）[J]. 中国临床医学，2020，27(01): 140-160.",{"title":136},"应倩，汪媛. 肝癌流行现况和趋势分析[J]. 中国肿瘤，2020，29(03): 185-191.",{"slug":138,"category":78,"categoryName":79,"title":139,"summary":140,"toc":141,"ymyl":142,"hasAlternate":119,"updatedAt":120},"disease-melanoma","黑色素瘤","黑色素瘤又称「恶性黑色素瘤」，简称恶黑、黑素瘤，是一种高度恶性的肿瘤。",[],{"author":105,"reviewedBy":105,"lastReviewed":105,"datePublished":105,"citations":143,"disclaimer":105},[144,146,148,150,152,154,156],{"title":145},"张学军，郑捷.皮肤性病学.[M]第九版.人民卫生出版社，2018.",{"title":147},"陈珂欣，吴敏靓，王宇翀，等.黑色素瘤的治疗进展[J].中国美容整形外科杂志，2021，32(1):60-63.",{"title":149},"郎中亮，王明刚.中国人群恶性黑色素瘤的临床特征研究进展[J].安徽医学，2018，39(1):120-122.",{"title":151},"林千里，张文俊，汪汇，等.皮肤黑色素瘤流行病学及防治研究进展[J].中国医药导报，2019，16(3):28-32.",{"title":153},"中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)黑色素瘤专家委员会.CSCO黑色素瘤诊疗指南解读--前哨淋巴结活检的意义、操作及治疗专家共识[J].临床肿瘤学杂志，2021,26(9): 827-837.",{"title":155},"张学军，涂平.皮肤性病学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社，2014.",{"title":157},"CSCO黑色素瘤专家委员会.中国黑色素瘤诊疗指南[M].北京:人民卫生出版社，2015.",{"slug":159,"category":78,"categoryName":79,"title":160,"summary":161,"toc":162,"ymyl":163,"hasAlternate":119,"updatedAt":120},"disease-cholangiocarcinoma","胆管癌","胆管癌即胆管细胞癌，是原发于胆管上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤，人体的胆管按照解剖部位划分，可分为肝内胆管、肝门部胆管、远端胆管，因此胆管癌划分为肝内胆管癌、肝门部胆管癌与远端胆管癌三类。",[],{"author":105,"reviewedBy":105,"lastReviewed":105,"datePublished":105,"citations":164,"disclaimer":105},[],{"slug":166,"category":78,"categoryName":79,"title":167,"summary":168,"toc":169,"ymyl":170,"hasAlternate":119,"updatedAt":120},"disease-gallbladder-cancer","胆囊癌","胆囊癌是起源于胆囊的恶性肿瘤，其发病率较低，占全部恶性肿瘤的 0.8%～1.2%，但是它是胆道系统恶性肿瘤中的最常见类型。",[],{"author":105,"reviewedBy":105,"lastReviewed":105,"datePublished":105,"citations":171,"disclaimer":105},[172,174,175],{"title":173},"郝希山，魏于全.肿瘤学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社，2010.",{"title":173},{"title":176}," 李少林，周琦.实用临床肿瘤学[M].北京:科学出版社，2019.",{"slug":178,"category":78,"categoryName":79,"title":179,"summary":180,"toc":181,"ymyl":182,"hasAlternate":119,"updatedAt":120},"disease-bladder-cancer","膀胱癌","膀胱癌是指发生在膀胱的恶性肿瘤，是比较常见的一种恶性肿瘤。",[],{"author":105,"reviewedBy":105,"lastReviewed":105,"datePublished":105,"citations":183,"disclaimer":105},[184,186],{"title":185},"郭震华，那彦群.实用泌尿外科学[M].第2版.北京:人民卫生出版社，2013.",{"title":187},"郭应禄，张心浞.吴阶平泌尿外科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社，2019.",{"slug":189,"category":78,"categoryName":79,"title":190,"summary":191,"toc":192,"ymyl":193,"hasAlternate":119,"updatedAt":120},"disease-osteosarcoma","骨肉瘤","骨肉瘤是最常见的骨恶性肿瘤，它来源于有成骨潜能的间叶细胞，由恶性增殖的肉瘤细胞直接产生肿瘤性骨样组织或不成熟骨，也称为成骨肉瘤，是指瘤细胞能直接产生肿瘤骨及骨样组织的一种恶性结缔组织肿瘤。",[],{"author":105,"reviewedBy":105,"lastReviewed":105,"datePublished":105,"citations":194,"disclaimer":105},[195,196],{"title":173},{"title":197},"魏于全，赫捷.肿瘤学[M].第2版.北京:人民卫生出版社，2015.",{"slug":199,"category":78,"categoryName":79,"title":200,"summary":201,"toc":202,"ymyl":203,"hasAlternate":119,"updatedAt":120},"disease-ureteral-cancer","输尿管癌","原发输尿管癌为起源于输尿管黏膜上皮的恶性肿瘤，肿瘤发展可以侵犯输尿管周围的淋巴和其他组织器官。可分尿路上皮癌及非尿路上皮癌（鳞状细胞癌及腺癌等）。",[],{"author":105,"reviewedBy":105,"lastReviewed":105,"datePublished":105,"citations":204,"disclaimer":105},[205,207,209,211,213,214,216],{"title":206},"那彦群,李鸣.泌尿外科学高级教程.北京:人民军医出版社.2011.4,168-181.",{"title":208},"叶章群.泌尿外科疾病诊疗指南.3版.北京:科学出版社,2013.6,131-133.",{"title":210},"吴阶平.吴阶平泌尿外科学.济南:山东科学技术出版社，2004.5,961-965.",{"title":212},"黄丽芳.泌尿外科疾病出院后家庭护理的风险评估及干预措施[J].中国医药指南,2012,10(15):637-638.",{"title":212},{"title":215},"周利群.中国人群上尿路尿路上皮癌新进展[J].北京大学学报(医学版),2014,46(4):504-506.",{"title":217},"U Gandhy S, Madan RA, Aragon-Ching JB. 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