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style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">膀胱癌是指发生在膀胱的恶性肿瘤，是比较常见的一种恶性肿瘤。在我国，平均来说每 10 万名男性中约有 11.41 位膀胱癌患者，每 10 万名女性中约有 3.51 位膀胱癌患者。膀胱癌大多数发生在 50～70 岁的人群，男性多于女性，城市居民多于农村居民。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>","⚕️","2026-08-03",{"key":90,"title":91,"html":92,"icon":93,"updatedAt":88},"Symptoms","症状表现","\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">膀胱尿路上皮癌是最常见的膀胱癌，约占90%以上。临床上可以分为两大类：一类是非肌层浸润性的肿瘤，恶性程度低，预后比较好，转移概率小，但是复发率高，并且有 10%～30% 日后会发展成浸润癌。另一类是基层浸润性的肿瘤，恶性程度高，容易出现转移。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>膀胱癌得病后一般会出现哪些症状？\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cul class=\" list-paddingleft-2\" style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\";text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">绝大多数膀胱癌的患者都会出现小便带血的症状；\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\";text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">当肿瘤坏死或者合并有炎症时患者可能会出现尿频、尿急、尿痛、排尿困难；\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp style=\";text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">有些患者还可能出现下腹部肿块，疼痛，肾积水，贫血，水肿，体重下降以及衰弱等。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>膀胱癌有哪几种转移途径？\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>（\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>1\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>）\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>经淋巴管转移：\u003C\u002Fstrong>即癌细胞通过输送淋巴液的管道转移，一般会在原来的癌组织周边的淋巴结处汇集，并且以此为中心长出同样的肿瘤，也就是大家听过的肿瘤周围的「淋巴结肿大」。淋巴液是人体内广泛分布的无色透明液体，淋巴液中含有淋巴细胞，对人体免疫系统有重要作用，这种转移方式最常见；\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>（\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>2\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>）\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>经血液转移：\u003C\u002Fstrong>癌细胞通过血液流动扩散到膀胱以外的组织和器官，多转移到肝、肺、骨骼等；\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>（\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>3\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>）\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>直接扩散：\u003C\u002Fstrong>癌细胞直接转移生长到相邻器官上，如前列腺等；\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>（\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>4\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>）\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>肿瘤细胞直接种植转移：\u003C\u002Fstrong>例如手术过程中肿瘤细胞脱落到伤口处，手术后一段时间在膀胱切口处发现肿块等。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>","📋",{"key":95,"title":96,"html":97,"icon":98,"updatedAt":88},"causes","病因分析","\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>（\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>1\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>）\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>长期吸烟：\u003C\u002Fstrong>吸烟被认为是膀胱癌最肯定的致病因素，抽烟使得罹患膀胱癌的危险增加 2～4 倍，大约 30～50% 的膀胱癌是由抽烟引起的。而且抽烟的时间越长，患膀胱癌的风险越高。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>（\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>2\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>）\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>长期接触某些致癌物质：\u003C\u002Fstrong>如染料、纺织、皮革、橡胶、塑料、油漆、印刷等。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>（\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>3\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>）\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>膀胱慢性感染：\u003C\u002Fstrong>如细菌、血吸虫感染等。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>（\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>4\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>）\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>膀胱长期异物刺激：\u003C\u002Fstrong>如膀胱结石等。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u003Cstrong>（\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>5\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>）\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003Cstrong>其他原因：\u003C\u002Fstrong>比如某些药物（化疗药环磷酰胺等）。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>","🧬",{"key":100,"title":101,"html":102,"icon":103,"updatedAt":88},"diagnosis","诊断检查","\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">成年人尤其是 40 岁以上，出现肉眼就能看见的小便带血并且没有疼痛感，特别是在整个排尿过程中都有小便带血的患者，应想到泌尿系统肿瘤的可能，尤其应该首先考虑膀胱肿瘤。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">需要进一步检查时，采用尿常规、超声、X 线、CT、磁共振、膀胱镜等检查有助于判断是否患上了膀胱癌。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\";text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">膀胱镜检查是诊断膀胱癌最可靠的方法。这个检查是将检查器械通过尿道放入膀胱，借助于照明和摄像设备，直接对膀胱进行检查，在此过程中可以清晰地观察膀胱的情况，就像平时我们照镜子一样，不仅可以发现肿瘤的大小、数目、形态和部位等，在检查的同时还能取出部分肿瘤组织进行检验。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">另外通过膀胱镜检查还可以发现是否有其他病变，如膀胱结石、前列腺增生等。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>","🩺",{"key":105,"title":106,"html":107,"icon":108,"updatedAt":88},"treatment","治疗方式","\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">膀胱癌的治疗方法很多，包括经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术，膀胱灌注化疗，膀胱灌注免疫治疗，根治性膀胱切除术，膀胱部分切除术，尿流改道术，全身化疗，放疗，介入放射等，具体要结合患者的病情而进行选择。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\"> \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp style=\"text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 15px;\">经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术是将专用的手术器械（膀胱电切镜）经尿道放入膀胱内，通过切割和凝结效应达到切除膀胱肿瘤的目的，是「早期」膀胱癌常用的微创治疗方法。\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr\u002F>\u003C\u002Fp>","💊",{"author":110,"reviewedBy":110,"lastReviewed":110,"datePublished":110,"citations":111,"disclaimer":110},"",[112,114],{"title":113},"郭震华，那彦群.实用泌尿外科学[M].第2版.北京:人民卫生出版社，2013.",{"title":115},"郭应禄，张心浞.吴阶平泌尿外科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社，2019.",false,1789384125682]